Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery (RIRS) - Ureterorenoscopic Lithotripsy for Renal Stones

Ever since the first ureteroscopy performed by Hugh Hampton Young at the beginning of last century,1 ureterorenoscopy has evolved over nearly a century from the era of happenstance to the Digital & Robotic era. This evolution culminates in the technique of retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) utilising flexible ureterorenoscope and Holmium laser, which is a very effective treatment option in the Urologist's armamentarium when first-line treatment options, viz, extracorporeal shockwave lithtropsy (ESWL) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) failed; it would also be used as first-line treatment in selected patients.